Henry Moore: Sculptural Process and Public Identity

Purchased from the artist through the Berkeley Galleries (Knapping Fund) in 1945.

This maquette of a seated woman and standing man with two children is a solid bronze cast with no hollow cavity (fig.1). The original model for this sculpture was made in clay and would have been used to make a mould from which the final bronze version could be cast. Moore made small impressions into the clay model to denote facial features, fingers and details on the man’s chest that are replicated in the bronze sculpture. A deep crack in the woman’s lap may be a cast of a drying or firing crack. The level of surface detail on the bronze suggests that it was made using the traditional lost wax casting technique. Apart from the casting seam visible on the left leg of the child on the ground, which continues onto the base, there is otherwise little evidence of post-cast finishing.

The bronze surface has been coloured using chemical patination techniques. First, a slightly transparent brown colour was applied over the surface, followed by a more opaque green colour, which was then rubbed back on high points using a light abrasive to pick out the details of the form. The patina was then finished with a coating of wax. The brown base colour is often used on bronzes and is likely to have been applied using a solution of potassium polysulphide (otherwise known as ‘liver of sulphur’) in water. There are many different patina recipes used to produce green colours on bronzes but they often contain mixtures of copper and ammonium salts.

The signature ‘MOORE’ was inscribed on the base behind the woman’s stool using a sharp point, possibly into the clay model or the pre-cast wax (fig.2). The maquette is generally in good condition.

Maquette for Family Group is one of at least fourteen small models made by Henry Moore in the mid-1940s, each of which presents a family group in different poses and configurations. This sculpture presents a seated mother, a standing father, and two children as an embracing and supportive family unit (fig.1). The mother sits on a low rectangular stool while the father stands tall at a right angle to her, with his right hand on her left shoulder. A larger, probably older, child stands opposite the mother and rests its arms on her knees. The father’s left hand rests on this child’s back while the smaller child stands on the mother’s right thigh, and is supported by her as it reaches upwards towards the father. Moore has used the arms of each figure to establish a sense of union, exemplified by the father’s arms, which envelop the whole group.

The origins of this sculpture lie in the mid-1930s when the German architect Walter Gropius proposed to Moore that he make a large-scale sculpture for a school in Impington, near Cambridge, which was designed by Gropius and Maxwell Fry in 1935–6 and opened in 1939. The college was designed to be a flexible space that catered for all the family, acting as the focal point for the entire community.1 Moore later recalled discussing the commission with Henry Morris, Chief Education Officer for Cambridgeshire County Council:

In 1951 Moore wrote that,

Moore filled nearly two sketchbooks with drawings presenting family groups in different poses. Some present a mother, father and two children of different ages, while others present the parents with only one child. Moore later described drawing as a way not only of generating ideas, but also of ‘sorting them out’.4 By recording his ideas on paper, Moore was able to review, select and edit the compositions that he felt were worth developing into small clay maquettes. The drawing Family Groups 1944 (fig.2) contains two preparatory sketches for this particular maquette, and demonstrates how Moore had fully conceived the arrangement of the figures prior to executing the composition in three dimensions. These two sketches illustrate the positions of the figures from two different angles and show how Moore faithfully copied the arrangement in the final sculpture. In 1963, when Moore was asked by the critic David Sylvester which was the last important sculpture to have been developed from drawings, Moore replied, ‘I think the Family Group ones probably. The Family Group ideas were all generated by drawings’.5

The original three-dimensional model for this sculpture was made in clay. This model was then used to make a mould of the maquette, which was filled with molten bronze to create the final solid sculpture. In addition to this maquette, Moore made at least thirteen other clay models of family groups.6 Ten of these models were cast in bronze editions, three of which are held in the Tate collection (see also Tate N05604–N05605).

Maquette for Family Group was cast at the Art Bronze Foundry, London, in an edition of seven plus one artist’s copy. Notes made by Moore for the owner of the foundry, dated ‘March 28’, identify three Family Group maquettes for casting, along with five maquettes for Moore’s Madonna and Child, which date from 1943.7 The inclusion of this Maquette for Family Group suggests that Moore made these casting notes in 1945. It is number seven on the list, and a small sketch of the work is annotated with the phrase ‘Family Group. Standing Man (4 figures)’. The notes indicate that eight bronze examples were wanted, and that two examples of this particular maquette had been cast and delivered to an unnamed gallery by 28 March. It is likely that the gallery mentioned on the note was the Berkeley Galleries, London, where Moore had an exhibition in March–April 1945.

In an article published in the Burlington Magazine in July 1948, Sylvester, who had worked as Moore’s personal assistant in 1945, noted that ‘Moore had always made maquettes for his larger sculptures, but it was not until he cast about half-a-dozen of the ten or so clay studies for the Northampton Madonna that he began to make bronzes of them’.8 The bronze maquettes of family groups were produced to be sold privately and were probably cast to provide an income in case the Impington commission failed to materialise. Moore’s decision to make multiple bronze casts drastically altered the type of work he was able to produce, and provided more opportunities to sell his work. Bernard Meadows, who was Moore’s studio assistant at the time, later recalled that ‘most of these little family groups were sold for £35 (having cost about £12 to cast) so he [was] making just over £20 per sculpture’.9

In 1994 Meadows recalled that after the newly cast bronze maquettes were returned to Moore from the foundry they required a lot of finishing work:

This sculpture was one of three bronze family group maquettes bought by Tate in 1945 and is thus one of the earliest works by Moore to have been purchased for the Tate collection. The purchase of these works illustrated the desire of the director Sir John Rothenstein to represent Moore’s work in the collection. In contrast, Rothenstein’s predecessor, J.B. Manson, had previously told the Tate trustee Robert Sainsbury ‘over my dead body will Henry Moore ever enter the Tate’.11 Rothenstein’s appointment thus signalled a shift in the direction of Tate’s ambitions. One of his first actions as director had been to accept the donation from the Contemporary Art Society of Moore’s Recumbent Figure 1938 (Tate N05387). Then in 1941 Rothenstein encouraged the appointment of Moore to Tate’s Board of Trustees.

In 1944 Rothenstein wrote to Moore asking whether Tate could commission a large carving based on one of his Madonna and Child maquettes (see Tate N05602). Moore politely turned down the suggestion, writing ‘its now more than a year since these little figure studies were done, + that’s whats [sic] making me hesitate now over your suggestion – for it would mean putting my mind back in working to a year ago’.12 Instead, Moore suggested that the Tate might be interested in some of the studies for a ‘Family Group’ he had recently begun working on. This proposal was accepted and Tate bought four maquettes for the Madonna and Child and three maquettes for the Family Group.

The three maquettes for Family Group were purchased from the artist through the Berkeley Galleries in early 1945 with money from the Knapping Fund.13 The Knapping Fund was the residuary estate of Miss Helen Knapping bequeathed to the Trustees of the National Gallery in 1935 to be spent on work by living or recently deceased British artists. A fraction of this money was allocated to the Tate by the National Gallery, as Tate’s purchasing power continued to rely on charitable donations and private patronage until well after the Second World War.

As Moore suspected, Henry Morris was ultimately unable to secure financial backing and institutional support for the Impington commission. However, in 1947 Moore enlarged one of his other family group maquettes (Tate N05605) for Barclay Secondary School in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. A bronze cast of this large sculpture (Family Group 1949, Tate N06004) was acquired by Tate in 1950. In 1954–5 Moore then carved an enlarged version of another family group maquette (Tate N05604), which was installed in Harlow in 1956.

Acknowledgements
This catalogue entry was compiled from research undertaken by Robert Sutton, Collaborative Doctoral Award student (University of York and Tate).