Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) painted Forgotten Horizon (1936, Tate T01078 Fig.1) in 1936. One of a series of small oil paintings on wood panel, it depicts the beach at Rosas on the east coast of Spain with a group of alluringly posed dancers, meant to stimulate the imagination and subconscious. Recently, the work was in the Paintings Conservation studio at Tate for a technical examination.
Dalí's oil painting technique is based in tradition, but he combined materials and methods in a manner unique to him. In this work, Dalí first painted the setting of the sky, water and sand over white priming. Then he added the figures of the dancers which seem to float in the landscape. A detail of the head of the far left figure in the group was taken using raking light (Fig.2). The texture and energy in the paint application that is apparent in this detail, belies the flat, calm appearance of the work as seen from a normal viewing distance.
The source for the dancers is reported to be a postcard, now lost. From the information gained by examining the painting with infra red light (see below), conservators were able to determine that Dalí transferred the image on the card to the panel, outlining the figures, the internal contours and facial features.
Tate's digital infrared camera provides a series of small images which are pieced together into a mosaic as seen in Fig.4. Infrared light penetrates the upper layers of paint, and is either absorbed by the black media used for the underdrawing - such as pencil, ink or dilute black paint - or reflected by the white priming layer. This contrasting absorption or reflection is translated into a visible black and white image which reveals Dalí's preparatory outlines.
The paint used by Dalí has a particularly fluid quality. As seen in Fig.5, the figures fluoresce bright green under ultraviolet light, in contrast to the blue background. Green fluorescence is typical of natural resin, such as dammar or mastic. Dalí either used natural resin on its own or mixed with linseed oil paint to create a more liquid media which could be laid down easily and fluidly with a very small brush.
The central figure on the panel is reported to be Dalí's cousin, Carolinetta. Figs.6, 7 and 8 show progressively magnified details of paint, again illustrating its fluid quality. Dalí had a sure hand as he laid the paint on the surface. There is not a single mislaid stroke or error in his application.
This painting has been shown behind glass since its arrival at Tate in 1968. The resin-oil paint of the figures lies over the oil paint background and, under magnification, it is apparent how fragile the adhesion is between the two layers. The long-term protection offered by the framing and glazing has clearly benefited this work which is in excellent condition.
See Salvador Dali's Forgotten Horizon 1936 in the Collection.
February 2007
